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Rank #4 of 6 in Hardware Security Keys

SoloKeys Solo 2 logo

SoloKeys Solo 2

Open Source

SoloKeys

713107/yr

Try itExperimental

See what an agent can do with SoloKeys Solo 2 before you ever sign up. Pick a story: recorded sessions replay real probe-harness transcripts; sandboxed self-drive sessions are designed and gated (docs/TRY-IT.md).

$uvx --from solo-python solo versionrecorded session — replayed, not live
recorded 2026-09-15 · exit 0 · captured verbatim by our probe harness, secrets redacted

Verified integrations

No integration evidence found in our corpus for this product yet — that means none was found, never that it doesn’t integrate.

By theme — the product's score on each story themeBy theme

Agenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticnessevidence →

How well agents can access and operate the product

1.4/100

Automation depth — how much of the product can run unattendedAutomation depthevidence →

How much of the product can run unattended

0.0/100

Beyond fido — what the key does beyond FIDO — PIV smart card, OpenPGP, OTP slots, hardware-backed SSHBeyond fidoevidence →

What the key does beyond FIDO — PIV smart card, OpenPGP, OTP slots, hardware-backed SSH

26.3/100

Developer tooling — building with and managing the key — CLIs, SDKs, attestationDeveloper toolingevidence →

Building with and managing the key — CLIs, SDKs, attestation

11.0/100

Ecosystem compat — where the key works — platforms, browsers, service compatibility catalogsEcosystem compatevidence →

Where the key works — platforms, browsers, service compatibility catalogs

18.0/100

Enrollment recovery — getting keys enrolled and surviving loss — setup flows, backup keys, lockout recoveryEnrollment recoveryevidence →

Getting keys enrolled and surviving loss — setup flows, backup keys, lockout recovery

7.2/100

Firmware openness — what runs on the device — open-source firmware, update policy, vulnerability responseFirmware opennessevidence →

What runs on the device — open-source firmware, update policy, vulnerability response

44.5/100

Fleet management — keys at organization scale — bulk provisioning, delivery services, IdP policiesFleet managementevidence →

Keys at organization scale — bulk provisioning, delivery services, IdP policies

0.0/100

Form factors — the physical lineup — NFC, USB-C/A, biometrics, certified and hardened modelsForm factorsevidence →

The physical lineup — NFC, USB-C/A, biometrics, certified and hardened models

23.3/100

Openness — open source, data portability, and self-hosting storiesOpennessevidence →

Open source, data portability, and self-hosting stories

25.0/100

Privacy posture — data-handling and privacy storiesPrivacy postureevidence →

Data-handling and privacy stories

21.0/100

Protocol coverage — FIDO2/WebAuthn depth — resident-key passkeys, user verification, credential managementProtocol coverageevidence →

FIDO2/WebAuthn depth — resident-key passkeys, user verification, credential management

31.3/100

Story verdicts — every judged story with its evidenceStory verdicts

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Sorted by importance (agentic first) (high → low) · 54/54 stories · click a row’s chevron for the rationale and evidence

Drive the product through a documented public API G

Agent access

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness3none0/10

Connect an agent via an official MCP server G

Agent access

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness3n/auntestednone yet

Delegate tasks to a built-in AI assistant inside the product G

Agentic features

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness3n/auntestednone yet

Plug MCP servers into this product so it can use their tools G

Agent access

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness3n/auntestednone yet

Use an official CLI G

Agent access

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2disputed3/10D

Build against official SDKs G

Agent access

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2none0/10

Download a machine-readable API spec (OpenAPI or equivalent) G

Api quality

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2none0/10

Explore an interactive API reference with runnable examples G

Api quality

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2n/a0/10

Point an agent at llms.txt or agent-oriented docs G

Agent access

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2none0/10

Run the product headlessly / in CI for automation G

Agent access

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2none0/10

Get AI-generated insights and suggestions from my data inside the product G

Agentic features

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2n/auntestednone yet

Issue scoped/least-privilege API credentials for an agent G

Agent access

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2n/auntestednone yet

Operate the product with natural-language commands G

Agentic features

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2n/auntestednone yet

Rely on versioned APIs with a documented deprecation policy G

Api quality

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2n/auntestednone yet

Set up automations that run autonomously in the background G

Agentic features

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2n/auntestednone yet

Subscribe to events via webhooks G

Agent access

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness2n/auntestednone yet

Test against a sandbox environment without touching production data G

Api quality

ai-native userAgenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productAgenticness1n/auntestednone yet

The key stores discoverable FIDO2 credentials (resident keys / device-bound passkeys) so users can sign in to WebAuthn services without typing a username

Fido2

security engineerProtocol coverage — FIDO2/WebAuthn depth — resident-key passkeys, user verification, credential managementProtocol coverage3full7/10C

Self-host the core product G

ai-native userOpenness — open source, data portability, and self-hosting storiesOpenness3partial5/10T

Configure and manage the key from an official CLI — enable applications, set PINs, manage slots, read device state — scriptably

Cli

developerDeveloper tooling — building with and managing the key — CLIs, SDKs, attestationDeveloper tooling3disputed3/10D

Export all of my data in open formats and leave G

ai-native userOpenness — open source, data portability, and self-hosting storiesOpenness3none0/10

Provision keys across an organization at scale — pre-registration, bulk configuration, and lifecycle tracking of issued keys

Provisioning

it adminFleet management — keys at organization scale — bulk provisioning, delivery services, IdP policiesFleet management3none0/10

Define rules that trigger actions automatically on events G

ai-native userAutomation depth — how much of the product can run unattendedAutomation depth3n/auntestednone yet

Prevent my data from being used to train AI models G

ai-native userPrivacy posture — data-handling and privacy storiesPrivacy posture3n/auntestednone yet

The vendor documents a credible lockout-recovery strategy — registering a backup key, and what is and is not recoverable if a key is lost

Recovery

security engineerEnrollment recovery — getting keys enrolled and surviving loss — setup flows, backup keys, lockout recoveryEnrollment recovery3noneuntestednone yet

Read the product's source under an open license G

ai-native userOpenness — open source, data portability, and self-hosting storiesOpenness2full8/10X

The firmware is open source or independently audited, so I don't have to take the vendor's word for what runs on the device

Source

security engineerFirmware openness — what runs on the device — open-source firmware, update policy, vulnerability responseFirmware openness2full8/10T

Tap the key on my phone over NFC to authenticate in mobile browsers and apps

Nfc

power userForm factors — the physical lineup — NFC, USB-C/A, biometrics, certified and hardened modelsForm factors2full7/10C

The key covers legacy one-time-password schemes — TOTP/HOTP slots or challenge-response — for services that still lack WebAuthn

Otp

power userBeyond fido — what the key does beyond FIDO — PIV smart card, OpenPGP, OTP slots, hardware-backed SSHBeyond fido2full6/10T

The key works as a WebAuthn/U2F second factor across the major services I already use — Google, GitHub, Microsoft, password managers

Fido2

power userProtocol coverage — FIDO2/WebAuthn depth — resident-key passkeys, user verification, credential managementProtocol coverage2partial6/10T

Control data retention and deletion G

ai-native userPrivacy posture — data-handling and privacy storiesPrivacy posture2partial4/10C

My SSH keys can be hardware-backed on the device — via FIDO2 sk-ssh keys, PIV, or OpenPGP — so server access requires a physical touch

Ssh

developerBeyond fido — what the key does beyond FIDO — PIV smart card, OpenPGP, OTP slots, hardware-backed SSHBeyond fido2disputed4/10D

The key acts as a PIV smart card for certificate-based login — workstation sign-in, VPN, and code signing with keys that never leave the device

Piv

it adminBeyond fido — what the key does beyond FIDO — PIV smart card, OpenPGP, OTP slots, hardware-backed SSHBeyond fido2partial4/10T

An agent can read a key's state programmatically — serial, firmware version, enabled applications, stored credentials — to audit security posture across a fleet

Agent audit

ai-native userDeveloper tooling — building with and managing the key — CLIs, SDKs, attestationDeveloper tooling2partial3/10T

First-time setup is guided — clear instructions or a setup app walk me through registering the key with my accounts

Setup

power userEnrollment recovery — getting keys enrolled and surviving loss — setup flows, backup keys, lockout recoveryEnrollment recovery2partial3/10T

Keep OpenPGP keys on the device and use them for git commit signing and encrypted email

Openpgp

developerBeyond fido — what the key does beyond FIDO — PIV smart card, OpenPGP, OTP slots, hardware-backed SSHBeyond fido2disputed3/10D

Opt out of telemetry and usage tracking G

ai-native userPrivacy posture — data-handling and privacy storiesPrivacy posture2partial3/10C

The key works across my operating systems and browsers, with a published compatibility catalog of supported services

Compatibility

power userEcosystem compat — where the key works — platforms, browsers, service compatibility catalogsEcosystem compat2partial3/10T

The vendor has a clear firmware update and vulnerability-response story — advisories, affected-model lookup, and how fixes reach devices

Updates

security engineerFirmware openness — what runs on the device — open-source firmware, update policy, vulnerability responseFirmware openness2disputed3/10D

Verify device attestation at registration to enforce that only genuine, approved key models are enrolled

Attestation

security engineerDeveloper tooling — building with and managing the key — CLIs, SDKs, attestationDeveloper tooling2partial3/10C

An agent can drive key provisioning end to end — ordering, assignment, pre-registration — through documented enterprise APIs instead of a human-only console

Agent provisioning

ai-native userFleet management — keys at organization scale — bulk provisioning, delivery services, IdP policiesFleet management2none0/10

An enterprise delivery service ships keys directly to distributed employees, driven by an API or console rather than manual logistics

Delivery

it adminFleet management — keys at organization scale — bulk provisioning, delivery services, IdP policiesFleet management2none0/10

Certified models exist for regulated environments — FIPS 140 validated or Common Criteria certified — with documented durability (water/crush resistance)

Certifications

it adminForm factors — the physical lineup — NFC, USB-C/A, biometrics, certified and hardened modelsForm factors2none0/10

Choose where my data is stored (region/residency) G

ai-native userPrivacy posture — data-handling and privacy storiesPrivacy posture2n/a0/10

List and delete the passkeys stored on my key and know its credential capacity before it fills up

Credential management

power userProtocol coverage — FIDO2/WebAuthn depth — resident-key passkeys, user verification, credential managementProtocol coverage2none0/10

Official SDKs let me integrate the key into my own desktop and mobile apps

Sdks

developerDeveloper tooling — building with and managing the key — CLIs, SDKs, attestationDeveloper tooling2none0/10

The key supports on-device user verification — a FIDO2 PIN or built-in biometric — so a stolen key alone cannot authenticate

User verification

security engineerProtocol coverage — FIDO2/WebAuthn depth — resident-key passkeys, user verification, credential managementProtocol coverage2none0/10

The lineup covers my ports and carry style — USB-C and USB-A models, keychain and low-profile nano form factors

Connectors

power userForm factors — the physical lineup — NFC, USB-C/A, biometrics, certified and hardened modelsForm factors2none0/10

Do everything through the API that I can do in the UI G

ai-native userOpenness — open source, data portability, and self-hosting storiesOpenness2noneuntestednone yet

Perform bulk operations across many items at once G

ai-native userAutomation depth — how much of the product can run unattendedAutomation depth2noneuntestednone yet

Schedule recurring jobs or workflows G

ai-native userAutomation depth — how much of the product can run unattendedAutomation depth2n/auntestednone yet

The key integrates with my identity provider — Okta, Entra ID, Google Workspace — and I can enforce policies requiring hardware-key authentication

Idp

it adminFleet management — keys at organization scale — bulk provisioning, delivery services, IdP policiesFleet management2noneuntestednone yet

Require a physical key touch as the human-approval step for sensitive automated or agent-initiated actions

Agent approval

ai-native userEcosystem compat — where the key works — platforms, browsers, service compatibility catalogsEcosystem compat1partial3/10T

Version, review, and roll back my automations G

ai-native userAutomation depth — how much of the product can run unattendedAutomation depth1n/auntestednone yet

Opportunities — the stories that would move this product's scores, from its own judged verdictsOpportunitiestop 8 of 28 stories with headroom

What would move SoloKeys Solo 2’s scores — derived from its own judged verdicts, biggest headroom first. Each line quotes what the judge found missing; shipping it (or evidencing it publicly) is the fix.

  1. Agenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productDrive the product through a documented public API

    nonemoves agent-readyimpact 45

    Solo 2 exposes a hardware CLI (solo2 app/list) and standard protocols like FIDO2/PIV/OpenPGP, but there is no documented public REST/programmatic API for AI-driven control, and probes confirm no OpenAPI spec or llms.txt exists (404s) while the closest thing to an SDK (solo-python CLI) is reported bit-rotted and broken via ImportError.

  2. Enrollment recovery — getting keys enrolled and surviving loss — setup flows, backup keys, lockout recoveryThe vendor documents a credible lockout-recovery strategy — registering a backup key, and what is and is not recoverable if a key is lost

    nonemoves PA Scoreimpact 30

    No evidence in the pack discusses backup key enrollment, multi-key registration strategies, or what is/isn't recoverable if a Solo 2 is lost — documentation covers setup, building, and CLI usage but never addresses lockout/recovery planning.

  3. Fleet management — keys at organization scale — bulk provisioning, delivery services, IdP policiesProvision keys across an organization at scale — pre-registration, bulk configuration, and lifecycle tracking of issued keys

    nonemoves PA Scoreimpact 30

    Evidence covers individual key setup, CLI device listing/config (`solo2 list`, `admin set led`), and custom attestation-key generation, with one offhand mention of building attestation keys 'for maybe 100,000 devices'—but there is no documented bulk-enrollment workflow, admin console, pre-registration pipeline, or lifecycle/issuance tracking system for organizations.

  4. Openness — open source, data portability, and self-hosting storiesExport all of my data in open formats and leave

    nonemoves PA Scoreimpact 30

    Missing: any documented data-export/migration path, evidence of extractable key material, or open-format backup/portability tooling.

  5. Agenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productPoint an agent at llms.txt or agent-oriented docs

    nonemoves agent-readyimpact 30

    Explicit probes confirm docs.solokeys.dev has no llms.txt (404) and no openapi/markdown-alternative endpoints; the only llms.txt found is a generic Shopify shopping-agent file unrelated to technical/product documentation, so there is no agent-oriented documentation to point an AI agent at.

  6. Agenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productRun the product headlessly / in CI for automation

    nonemoves agent-readyimpact 30

    Solo 2 is a physical security key requiring human touch confirmation for every action, and while a CLI exists (solo2 list, admin commands), there's no documented support for headless/CI automation; a runtime probe shows the official CLI is bit-rotted (ImportError, incompatible fido2 dependency) with no firmware release in 4 years, further undermining any automation use case.

  7. Agenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productBuild against official SDKs

    nonemoves agent-readyimpact 30

    Evidence shows firmware-build tooling (Rust/cargo builds, solo2 CLI, customization docs) rather than an official SDK for third-party/AI-native application development, and the one CLI tool cited is reported bit-rotted and broken in 2026 (ImportError, no releases in 4 years).

  8. Agenticness — how well agents can access and operate the productDownload a machine-readable API spec (OpenAPI or equivalent)

    nonemoves API qualityimpact 30

    SoloKeys is a hardware security key with a CLI and firmware documentation, not an API/web service; a machine-readable OpenAPI spec would be a fair thing to ask for if it exposed a network API, but probes explicitly show no OpenAPI/swagger spec exists at any candidate path and no llms.txt for the technical docs.

Showing the top 8 of 28 — every none/partial verdict in the story verdicts table is headroom.

Think a verdict is wrong? Every verdicts-table row has a Flag link — see the methodology.

Coverage map — which docs area, API section, or community source covers which judged storiesCoverage map6 surfaces · 20 covered stories

Where the cited evidence behind each covered verdict came from — the same citations the verdicts table shows, no extra judging.

GitHub README19 stories

Probe proofs — replayable recordings from the probe harnessProbe proofs

Replayable recordings from our probe harness — see the Prove-It protocol to submit one.

$uvx --from solo-python solo versionreproduced
$ uvx --from solo-python solo version
  File "/Users/judegomila/.cache/uv/archive-v0/nTBUz03_u-or9bi4/lib/python3.13/site-packages/solo/devices/solo_v1.py", line 11, in <module>
    from fido2.ctap1 import CTAP1
ImportError: cannot import name 'CTAP1' from 'fido2.ctap1' (/Users/judegomila/.cache/uv/archive-v0/nTBUz03_u-or9bi4/lib/python3.13/site-packages/fido2/ctap1.py). Did you mean: 'ctap1'?
$curl -s https://solokeys.com/llms.txt | head -3reproduced
$ curl -s https://solo[redacted]s.com/llms.txt | head -3
# Agent Instructions — Solo[redacted]s

This document describes how AI agents can interact with Solo[redacted]s's online store at https://solo[redacted]s.com.

Business model

hardware-purchaseopen-source

Hardware purchase ($34–50; Solo 2C $34, Solo 2A+ NFC Hacker $46) with fully open-source Rust firmware on Trussed; unlocked Hacker variants for reflashing.

pricing ↗

Score trend

How this product’s scores have moved as evidence and verdicts are re-derived — a point per change, not per day.

PA Scoretracked since Sep 15 '26 — no movement recorded yet
Agent-readytracked since Sep 15 '26 — no movement recorded yet

Try Experimental

Run it in the microterminal →

Recorded agent sessions — and a live MCP handshake where the vendor ships one.

Flag

⚑ Flag a verdict

Think a verdict is wrong? Opens a prefilled GitHub issue — or use the ⚑ next to any verdict above.

Badge

Embed this product's score badge →

Hotlinked SVG — always shows the live current score.

For agents

Data